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1.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 40(6)dic. 2023.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1530005

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El uso de tigeciclina ha ido en aumento en los últimos años, debido al incremento de la resistencia bacteriana y la escasez de alternativas terapéuticas. Objetivo: Caracterizar y evaluar las prescripciones de tigeciclina en pacientes internados en un hospital universitario, durante los años 2017 y 2018. Metodología: Estudio observacional retrospectivo, donde se caracterizaron los pacientes, las terapias, la microbiología asociada, los desenlaces clínicos y las reacciones adversas asociadas a los tratamientos con tigeciclina. Se determinó la proporción de prescripciones apropiadas por un comité de expertos y el consumo de tigeciclina medido en DDD/100 camas-día. Resultados: Se caracterizaron 89 pacientes, de los cuales 67 (75,3%) cumplieron los criterios de selección. El 53,7% de los pacientes eran hombres, con una edad promedio de 60 ± 15 años. El principal motivo de hospitalización fue quirúrgico (65,7%). El 67,1% de los tratamientos con tigeciclina se inició en una Unidad de Paciente Critico y el foco de infección predominante fue abdominal (64,3%). El 50% de las terapias con tigeciclina fueron dirigidas según la microbiología identificada. En 65,7% de los casos se usó tigeciclina como monoterapia en la dosis habitual (62,9%). Náuseas (8,6%), diarrea (7,1%) y vómitos (4,3%) fueron los efectos adversos más reportados. El 84,3% de los tratamientos se consideraron apropiados. El año 2017 se consumió 0,4 DDD/100 camas-día y 0,6 DDD/100 camas/día el 2018, siendo la UCI el servicio que presentó el mayor uso en ambos años. Discusión: Tigeciclina fue utilizada principalmente en monoterapia para el tratamiento de infecciones intraabdominales en pacientes hospitalizados, por motivos quirúrgicos, en una unidad de paciente crítico, en las dosis habituales recomendadas de 100 mg como dosis de carga seguida de 50 mg cada 12 hs IV. En 50% de los casos, la terapia fue dirigida según microbiología. Los eventos adversos más habituales fueron los gastrointestinales. Conclusión: La mayoría de las terapias prescritas fueron consideradas apropiadas por el comité de expertos.


Background: The use of tigecycline has been increasing in recent years, due to increase in bacterial resistance and the scarcity of therapeutics alternatives. Aim: To characterize and evaluate the tigecycline prescriptions of patients hospitalized in a university hospital, during the years 2017 and 2018. Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out, where the patients, the therapies, the associated microbiology, the clinical outcomes and the adverse reactions associated with tigecycline were characterized. The proportion of appropriate prescriptions was determined by committee of experts and the consumption of tigecycline measure in DDD/100 bed-days. Results: 89 patients who used tigecycline were characterized, of which 67 (75.3%) met the selection criteria. 53.7% of the patients were male, with a mean age of 60 +/- 15 years The main reason for hospitalization was surgical (65.7%). 67.1% of the treatments with tigecycline were started in a critical patient unit and the predominant focus of the infection was the abdomen (64.3%). 50% of the therapies with tigecycline were ordered according to the identified microbiology. In 65.7% of the cases, tigecyclin was used as monotherapy at the usual dose (62.9%). Nausea (8.6%), diarrhea (7.1%) and vomiting (4.3%) were the most reported adverse events. 84.3% of the treatments were considered appropriate. In 2017, 0.4 DDD/100 bed/days were consumed and 0.6 DDD/100 bed/days in 2018, with de ICU being the service that presented the highest use in both years. Discussion: Tigecycline was mainly used as monotherapy for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections in patients hospitalized for surgical reasons in a critical patient unit at the usual doses of 100 mg loading followed by 50 mg every 12 hours IV. In 50% of the case the therapy was directed according to microbiology. The most common adverse events were gastrointestinal. Conclusion: Most of the prescribed therapies were considered appropriate by the expert committee.

2.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 40(3)jun. 2023.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1515120

ABSTRACT

Resumen: El aumento de la resistencia y la escasez de nuevos antibacterianos ha requerido la reintroducción de antiguos antimicrobianos entre ellos colistín. Objetivo: Caracterizar la utilización de colistín durante el año 2017 en un hospital universitario, mediante la descripción de los pacientes, los tratamientos, la microbiología asociada y efectos adversos. Pacientes y Métodos: Trabajo observacional retrospectivo. Se revisaron los datos de todos los pacientes que recibieron colistín intravenoso (IV) por al menos 48 horas, durante el año 2017. Resultados: Se incluyeron 53 pacientes, equivalentes a 91 tratamientos. El foco respiratorio fue el principal (46,2%). El 68,1% de los tratamientos fue iniciado en la UCI. La mayoría de los pacientes tenía una hospitalización reciente (83,5%), y presentaban uso previo de antibacterianos (89%). Los dos patógenos mayoritariamente identificados fueron Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Klebsiella spp. El consumo promedio de colistín fue de 2,4 DDD/100 camas/día. El servicio que más consumió colistín fue la UCI, con 45,5 DDD/100 camas/día, usando generalmente la dosis de 3 MUI cada 8 horas IV y con una baja utilización de dosis de carga. Conclusión: Colistín corresponde a un antimicrobiano de uso restringido a infecciones sospechadas o confirmadas por agentes bacterianos multi resistentes. En esta serie, su uso inicial fue principalmente empírico, en pacientes con factores de riesgo para resistencia antibacteriana; se usó en forma asociada a otros antimicrobianos, siendo el foco principal el respiratorio.


Background: The increase in resistance and the shortage of new antibiotics has led to the reintroduction of old antimicrobials such as colistin. Aim: To evaluate the use of colistin during 2017 in a university hospital, through the characterization of patients and treatment, associated microbiology, response to treatment and adverse effects. Methods: Retrospective observational design. The data of all patients who received colistin for at least 48 hours during the year 2017 were reviewed. Results: 55 patients were included, equivalent to 144 treatments. The respiratory focus was the main one (57.9%). 64% of the treatments began in the ICU, while 7% in the ward. Most of the patients has a recent hospitalization (86.8%) and has previous use of antibiotics (90.4%). The two main pathogens identified were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. In 87.1% of the cases with microbiological justifications for the use of colistin, a favorable response was obtained. The average consumption of colistin was 2.4 DDD/100 beds/day. The department that consumed the most colistin was the ICU, with 45,5 DDD/100 beds/day, generally using a dose of 3 MIU every 8 hours IV and with low use of loading doses. Conclusion: Colistin corresponds to an antibiotic whose use is restricted to infections suspected or confirmed by multi-resistant bacterial agents. Its initial use in this serie was mainly empirical, in patients with risk factors for antibiotics resistance, it was used in association with other antimicrobials, being the respiratory the main infectious focus.

3.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 26(4): 277-284, 2015. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-831260

ABSTRACT

Zika virus is an arbovirus that was first discovered in Africa in 1947. Until some time ago, it was an unnoticed emergent virus, due to its low epidemiological impact and its mild flu-like symptoms. However, from 2007 on, Zika virus started to propagate throughout the world and was first locally transmitted in America in 2015. Since then, autochthonous cases of Zika infection have been reported on 33 countries of the Americas. The most relevant impact of the Zika virus outspread is its supposed link to the increase in birth defects and microcephaly in newborns in regions with high Zika virus infection incidence during the past two years. Therefore, the World Health Organization declared Zika virus a public health emergency of international concern. This review describes Zika virus epidemiology, transmission mechanisms and pathogeny, such as its clinical presentation, adverse fetal outcomes, diagnosis, treatment and current recommendations for transmission prevention.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology , Zika Virus Infection/parasitology , Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control , Zika Virus Infection/therapy , Zika Virus Infection/transmission , Zika Virus/pathogenicity
4.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 28(1): 41-49, feb. 2011. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-583022

ABSTRACT

Las infecciones invasoras por Candida spp, representan una patología relevante en los pacientes críticos. Para su oportuno diagnóstico es necesaria una elevada sospecha clinica, tomando en consideración el cuadro clinico y la presencia de factores de riesgo. Pese a la incorporación de nuevos fármacos al arsenal terapéutico durante la última década, mantiene una elevada mortalidad. Las claves para mejorar los desenlaces clínicos en estos pacientes son el empleo de una terapia precoz, eficaz y que permita la cobertura de distintas especies de Candida: C albicans y no albicans. Recientes guías internacionales sugieren la terapia empírica con equinocandinas ante la sospecha de candidiasis invasora en esta población de pacientes. Este grupo de fármacos ha documentado adecuada eficacia clínica y seguridad en estos pacientes. Se espera que la incorporación de nuevas equinocandinas al mercado aminore sus costos y mejore el acceso a este grupo de fármacos.


Invasive infections by Candida strains are a relevant pathology in critically ill patients. Candida should be considered where a high risk of infection is present for a critical early diagnosis. Despite the incorporation of new drugs in the therapeutic armamentarium over the last decade, mortality remains high. The key in improving clinical outcomes of these patients are the use of early effective therapies that offer coverage against different strains of Candida: C. albicans and non-albicans. Recent international guidelines suggest empiric therapy with echinocandins in suspected invasive candidiasis in this patient population. This group of drugs adequately documented clinical efficacy and safe use in these patients. The emergence of new echinocandins could improve access to these drugs by reducing their cost.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Candidiasis, Invasive , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Candidiasis, Invasive/diagnosis , Candidiasis, Invasive/drug therapy , Candidiasis, Invasive/epidemiology , Critical Illness , Intensive Care Units , Risk Factors
5.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 133(7): 817-822, jul. 2005. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-429142

ABSTRACT

A subgroup of patients infected with the Hantavirus develops a pulmonary syndrome (HPS) characterized by severe acute respiratory failure and myocardial depression, that has a high mortality rate. Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) could be a valuable therapeutic tool in such patients. We report a 24 years old male with HPS that was successfully managed when an arterio-venous shunt was added to a conventional veno-arterial ECLS technique. Precise criteria have been developed to predict which patients should be considered for this treatment.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical/methods , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/methods , Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/therapy , Pulmonary Artery/surgery , Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical/instrumentation , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/instrumentation
6.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 133(6): 625-631, jun. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-429114

ABSTRACT

Background:Monitoring of cardiac preload by determination of pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) has been traditionally used to guide fluid therapy to optimize cardiac output (CO). Since factors such as intrathoracic pressure and ventricular compliance may modify PAOP, volumetric estimators of preload have been developed. The PiCCO system is able to measure CO and intrathoracic blood volume (ITBV) by transpulmonary thermodilution. Aim: To compare a volumetric (ITBV) versus a pressure (PAOP) determination to accurately estimate cardiac preload in severely ill patients. Patients and Methods: From June 2001 to October 2003, 22 mechanically ventilated patients with hemodynamic instability underwent hemodynamic monitoring with pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) and PiCCO system. ITBV index (ITBVI), PAOP and CI were measured simultaneously by both methods. One hundred thirty eight deltas (D) were obtained from the difference of ITBVI, PAOP, CI-PAC and CI-PiCCO between 6-12 am and 6-12 pm. Linear regression analysis of DITBVI versus Ð CI-PiCCO and Ð PAOP versus DCI-PAC were made. Results: Mean age of patients was 60.8 ± 19.4 years. APACHE II was 23.9 ± 7. Fifteen patients met criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Delta ITBVI significantly correlated with DCI-PiCCO (r=0.54; 95% confidence interval = 0.41-0.65; p <0.01). There was no correlation between DPAOP and Ð CI-PAC. Conclusion: ITBVI correlated better with CI than PAOP, and therefore it seems to be a more accurate estimator of preload in unstable, mechanically ventilated patients.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Blood Volume/physiology , Cardiac Output/physiology , Critical Illness , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Pulmonary Wedge Pressure/physiology , Hemodynamics/physiology , Prospective Studies , Stroke Volume/physiology
7.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 130(3): 309-313, mar. 2002. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-314858

ABSTRACT

Legionella pneumophila is the second cause of severe community acquired pneumonia. In Chile, however, there are few reports of pneumonia caused by Legionella. We report eight patients (6 men, aged 42 to 72 years old) with community-acquired pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, confirmed by the measurement of urinary antigen. Clinical presentation was characterized by fever or hypothermia (in one case), cough, dyspnea and neurological abnormalities in four patients. Cigarette smoking was the most frequently identified risk factor. All patients had at least one American Thoracic Society severity criteria. Complications observed were acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in seven patients, shock in four, renal failure in four and need for mechanical ventilation in three. No patient died


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Legionnaires' Disease , Legionella pneumophila , Pneumonia, Bacterial/etiology , Legionnaires' Disease , Legionella pneumophila , Antigens, Bacterial/urine , Antigens, Bacterial
8.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 12(3): 217-228, 2001. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-302624

ABSTRACT

La leptospirosis y la enfermedad de Weil son dos patologías que pese a su importancia y presencia en Chile son infrecuentemente sospechadas. Esto quizás se deba al conocimiento parcial de la epidemiología y los mecanismos de contagio, a la poca experiencia clínica y a la carencia de buenas pruebas diagnósticas. Si bien no existen estudios en torno a la prevalencia de estas enfermedades, considerando su alta tasa de mortalidad y su similitud con otras patologías en cuanto a clínica y epidemiología (Hanta), es que consideramos importante refrescar los conocimientos en torno al tema, para lo cual realizamos un registro de los casos presentes en la última década en nuestro Hospital y la acompañamos de una revisión bibliográfica


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Leptospirosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Leptospira , Leptospirosis , Agglutination Tests , Weil Disease
9.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 10(4): 328-32, 1999. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-268260

ABSTRACT

Un brote de infección nosocomial por clostridium difficile afectó a tres pacientes de sexo femenino admitidas a una misma sala de hospitalización en un plazo no superior a 15 días. Los 3 casos (65 a 84 años) tenían antecedentes de uso de antibióticos (ciprofloxacina en dos de ellas) o habían sufrido procedimientos gastrointestinales (en dos casos). Los 3 casos se presentaron con diarrea acuosa con leucocitos fecales positivos y fueron tratados con metronidazol con buena respuesta. Un caso falleció por causas no claramente relacionadas a una infección por este agente. Las infecciones en el servicio respectivo desaparecieron luego de un programa de capacitación al personal profesional y no profesional y de la aplicación de un aislamiento de contacto. Clotridium difficile es el principal agente de diarreas infecciosas nosocomiales. Las infecciones por esta bacteria pueden presentarse como casos endémicos o en brotes intrahospitalarios bien definidos. La participación de C. difficile como causa de diarrea a nivel hospitalario es explicada por la existencia de pacientes susceptibles y por la alta transmisibilidad de este agente. Diversos factores de riesgo están asociados a la susceptibilidad que presentan algunos pacientes a desarrollar diarreas por este microorganismo esporulado, y ellas incluyen el uso previo de antibióticos, la edad y procedimientos o medicamentos que alteran la microbiota colónica normal. Numerosas publicaciones han sido reportadas sobre brotes nosocomiales provocados por esta bacteria, que han afectado a diferentes tipos de pacientes. El propósito de este trabajo, es comunicar y analizar un brote ligado a este agente, el que se presentó poco después de incorporar en el laboratorio técnicas de detección para esta bacteria


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Clostridioides difficile/pathogenicity , Clostridium Infections/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Clostridioides difficile/drug effects , Clostridioides difficile/isolation & purification , Clostridium Infections/diagnosis , Clostridium Infections/drug therapy , Diarrhea/etiology , Metronidazole/therapeutic use
10.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 126(8): 972-7, ago. 1998. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-232943

ABSTRACT

Group A Streptococcal infections have increased in severity and frequency worldwide. We report a female patient that was admitted by Group A Streptococal lethal toxic shock syndrome due to pharyngitis as the primary focus and without cutaneous involvement. Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated from blood cultures and case definition fulfilled standard recommendations. Epidemiological studies among family members showed that two children (aged 5 and 12 years) harbored the same strain in their pharynxes as confirmed by arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) using primers ERIC and Pn-1. Control strains were included in the analysis. None of three health care workers involved in intubation and laryngoscopic procedures with the patient carried S pyogenes. AP-PCR appears to be a useful and rapid procedure to demonstrate clonal relatedness among S pyogenes strains


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Streptococcus pyogenes/pathogenicity , Shock, Septic/microbiology , Contact Tracing , Epidemiologic Studies
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